How Airtel–Starlink partnership could leapfrog Safaricom’s tower system
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As Airtel Africa deepens its partnership with Starlink, new details are emerging that highlight not just the scale of the initiative but how it could reshape competition with Safaricom
Safaricom operates a nationwide cellular network built on interconnected base transceiver stations (BTS) and core infrastructure, where geographically distributed towers transmit radio signals that connect mobile devices to voice, SMS, mobile broadband (3G, 4G, and 5G), and digital services such as M-Pesa, while continuously managing handovers and network traffic to maintain stable connectivity
The effectiveness of this tower system is heavily influenced by Kenya’s physical geography
In highland regions such as Central and parts of the Rift Valley, mountains, hills, and valleys obstruct radio signals, requiring Safaricom to install more towers at higher elevations to ensure consistent coverage
In contrast, Kenya has a large, sparsely populated and arid land of the North Eastern region, which presents a different challenge, where long distances between settlements, poor infrastructure, limited power supply, and security concerns make it costly and logistically difficult to deploy and maintain towers, resulting in wider coverage gaps compared to other parts of the country
Then there is when Satellite connectivity joins the chat
Airtel’s direct-to-cell bet: Cutting out the middle layer
The most transformative aspect of the Airtel–Starlink partnership is its direct-to-cell (D2C) model
Now, unlike conventional satellite internet, which requires costly dishes and installation, this system allows ordinary smartphones to connect directly to satellites with no intermediary
This removes one of the biggest historical barriers to satellite adoption: Hardware cost
Instead of requiring a terminal, users in remote areas can access basic services, like SMS, USSD, and eventually data, using devices they already own, regardless of the model
This could be a game-changer
Airtel plans to roll out this service across 14 African markets by 2026, targeting regions where building cell towers is economically un
Francophone markets, mainly the West and Central Africa, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, are among the early priorities, particularly in rural zones where fixed internet penetration remains extremely low
A parallel strategy: Vodacom’s backhaul model
While Airtel focuses on direct consumer access, Vodacom is pursuing a complementary approach
Vodacom is using Starlink in two key ways:As a backhaul solution, connecting remote base stations to the core networkAs a reseller, supplying satellite equipment to businesses, schools, and hospitals
However, using this model does not replace mobile towers; it, in fact, strengthens them
By linking isolated infrastructure via satellite, Vodacom improves coverage reliability without rebuilding entire networks.
Together, these strategies signal a broader industry shift: That Satellite is no longer competing with telecom operators; it is integrating with them
How does this compare to Safaricom?
Safaricom has been Kenya’s dominant telecom provider over the years. It has built its network primarily on terrestrial infrastructure, cell towers, fibre backbones, which go directly to the earth, and microwave links
While this model has delivered strong urban and peri-urban coverage, it faces structural limitations in remote areas
Why tower expansion can be slowHigh infrastructure costs
Building and maintaining towers in sparsely populated regions often yields low returns on investment.Geographic barriers
Northern parts of Kenya, like Samburu, Wajir and Mandera and other remote regions present logistical challenges, including difficult terrain and limited power supply
Spectrum and regulatory constraints
Licensing, land acquisition, and compliance processes can delay rollout.Backhaul limitations
Even where towers exist, connecting them to fibre networks can be difficult, leading to slower speeds or unstable connections
These factors contribute to what users experience as lagging connectivity, slow internet speeds, dropped calls, and inconsistent service
Satellite communication has the potential to fundamentally transform connectivity by eliminating the need for costly tower and fibre infrastructure, enabling instant wide-area coverage, even in remote and hard-to-reach regions, while offering greater resilience during outages and a more cost-effective way to connect underserved populations
For rural communities, this could mean access to reliable mobile services for the first time, while for operators like Airtel, it creates a powerful opportunity to expand coverage and compete more effectively with established players such as Safaricom
Who benefits most?
The impact of satellite-enabled connectivity varies across user groups, with some standing to gain more immediately than others:Rural and underserved communities:
Airtel’s direct-to-cell model enables basic connectivity without requiring expensive equipment, bringing first-time access to mobile services in previously unconnected areas.Businesses and institutions:
High-speed satellite links can transform operations in sectors such as mining, agriculture, tourism, logistics, and healthcare, especially in remote locations.Schools and educational institutions:
Reliable internet can support e-learning, digital classrooms, remote instruction, and access to global educational re
Clinics and hospitals in remote areas can benefit from telemedicine, digital health records, and real-time communication with specialists.Remote workers and digital freelancers:
Individuals working outside major cities can maintain stable connections, enabling participation in the global digital economy.Tourists and travel operators:
Connectivity in national parks, coastal zones, and remote destinations enhances safety, navigation, and overall visitor experience.Government and public services:
Improved connectivity supports e-government services, security communication, census operations, and disaster response systems.NGOs and humanitarian organisations:
Field operations in hard-to-reach areas become more efficient with reliable communication and data access.Urban users:
While demand is high, rapid adoption has already led to congestion in cities like Nairobi, forcing temporary subscription limits, highlighting the need for careful capacity management and infrastructure scaling. This will also mean that people in Nairobi will be able to communicate with their loved ones back home
A mixed landscape across Africa
Starlink’s rollout across Africa remains uneven:
Operational: Senegal, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Pending: Ivory CoastRestricted:
Cameroon, where Starlink kits are banned
In Kenya, service has resumed after earlier congestion-related pauses, underscoring both strong demand and infrastructure challenges
For Airtel, the partnership is more than a technological upgrade; it is a strategic equaliser. In effect, Airtel is positioning itself as a hybrid network operator, combining terrestrial and space-based connectivity
The Communications Authority is also playing a central role in determining how quickly these technologies scale
The government is also involved in licensing satellite operators like Star Link, allocating spectrum and ensuring fair competition between providers
They will also set affordability and access policies
Rather than replacing Safaricom, satellite partnerships are likely to force evolution across the industry
Safaricom may respond by:
Partnering with satellite providers
Accelerating rural rollout
Investing in next-generation technologies
In this sense, the Airtel–Starlink collaboration could benefit not just Airtel customers but the entire market by pushing all players to innovate
The challenge of connecting Africa’s “last mile” has been here for decades. Traditional infrastructure alone has struggled to solve it. Perhaps this could be the next solution
And in that shift, the balance of power in Africa’s telecom sector may be quietly but decisively changing
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